indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Owari (former province located in the west of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
adds force or indicates command
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to say; to be called; to do
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
proceeding to the capital
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine