indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thief; robber; burglar; bandit
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
member of shogun's council of elders
paper folded and tucked inside the front of one's kimono (esp. for use at the tea ceremony); paper used for writing tanka
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
adds force or indicates command
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed