indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
thief; robber; burglar; bandit
dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to see through; to see into (someone's heart, mind, etc.); to perceive; to find out; to detect
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one more; another; the other; not quite; not very good
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to miss (capturing); to fail to catch; to let slip
successfully; fairly; artfully; nicely; thoroughly
suddenly; all of a sudden
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
hogging; having all to oneself; monopolising; monopolizing
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
all present; all concerned; all of us
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
just like; (virtually) no different from; (almost) the same as; as good as (e.g. dead, settled)
honorific/polite/humble prefix