indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
1000 ri; (a) long distance
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
sorry; excuse me; thank you
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
answering machine; answerphone
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
name; given name; first name
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
business; thing to be done; something that should be performed; information that should be conveyed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
story; tale; talk; discussion
please (give me); please (do for me)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
drinking party; get-together
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
tone color; tone colour; tone quality; timbre
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
journal; magazine; periodical
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress