indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
appearing for the first time (esp. vocabulary, kanji, etc. in a school textbook)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
wounded person; injured person
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence; power
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
funny; amusing; strange; odd; wrong; unsuitable
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...