indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
appearing for the first time (esp. vocabulary, kanji, etc. in a school textbook)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
wounded person; injured person
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
in that way; thus; so; so?
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...