lottery; raffle; drawing (of lots)
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
by means of; due to; because of; according to
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
poor; pitiable; pathetic; pitiful
pitiful; unfortunate; poor; unpardonable; regrettable
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to tidy up; to put in order; to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); to finish; to bring something to an end
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
defect; fault; flaw; deformity; deficiency; shortage
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to swing one's arms greatly while walking; to act freely; to be brazen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
one's own strength; one's own efforts; self-salvation
marriage partner; spouse; wife-to-be; husband-to-be; future spouse
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
How did you like ...?; How about ...?; What's going on?; How's it going?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very