indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
contacting; getting in touch; communication; call; message
look here; I say; well; I know what; I'll tell you what; just a minute
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
all; entire; whole; altogether
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
circumstances; condition; arranging; managing; lending money; raising money
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to build up; to complete; to construct; to make up; to fabricate; to invent
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
artificial product; man-made product; fiction; made-up story; decoration (e.g. for a festival); theatrical prop (esp. a large prop in noh or kyogen, e.g. tree, well, boat)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
of course; certainly; naturally
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
memories; recollections; reminiscence
nothing but; except; no more than