indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
princess; daughter of a nobleman
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
adds force or indicates command
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces