indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
adds force or indicates command
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result