indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
peace; tranquility; tranquillity; (arch.) happy-go-lucky
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
adds force or indicates command
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)