indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
reason; cause; circumstances
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
wet nurse; nursing mother
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen