indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
heir; inheritor; successor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
naming; nominating; designating; calling on; asking for; requesting
chief advisor to the Emperor (adviser)
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
grey wall covering material (gray)
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
retirement (from work); leading a quiet life (after retirement); retired person; retiree; surrendering headship of the family (pre-WWII)
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
arrowhead; target of a flying arrow; brunt (of an attack); the very moment (when); the point (of doing)
what (e.g. "what rudeness"); what (something) is like
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
waiting expectantly; waiting eagerly; looking forward to; long-awaited
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
taikō (esp. Toyotomi Hideyoshi); title for a regent, later for the grand chancellor, also for the father of an Imperial adviser (advisor) who passed the role to his son
(political) power; authority; influence
to stand in a line; to stand in a row; to be equal
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
to disperse; to take a castle
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
to place (in position); to fix; to install; to seat (someone); to settle (upon something); to fix (e.g. one's gaze)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result