indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
chief advisor to the Emperor (adviser)
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to say; to be called; to do
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
seppuku; harakiri; ritual suicide by disembowelment; seppuku as a death penalty (where the convict is decapitated by a second as they make the motions to disembowel themself; Edo period)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces