indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
honorific/polite/humble prefix
tea; tea plant (Camellia sinensis); tea preparation; making tea; brown; (arch.) mockery
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality