indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
scheme; tactic; stratagem; trick
by means of; due to; because of; according to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to marry (of a woman); to become a bride; to marry into (a family); (arch.) to have sexual intercourse
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
gradually (progress into a state); in sequence; in order; in turn
bonds (between people); (emotional) ties; relationship; tether; fetters
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to deepen; to heighten; to intensify
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
two persons; two people; pair; couple
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
evil influence; (evil) clutches; tentacles of evil
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
divorce; dissolution of adoption
interruption (e.g. of a conversation)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
princess; daughter of a nobleman
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
adopted daughter; foster daughter
receiving; welcoming; going to meet; final call; call of fate; approach of death
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as