indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
honorific/polite/humble prefix
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
princess; daughter of a nobleman
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute