indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Nagasaki (city, prefecture)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
wild goose; glans; head of a penis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk