indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
koban; small oval gold coin used in the Edo period; oval; elliptical; small size (of paper)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
how; in what way; how about
genuine article; real thing; real deal
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(husked grains of) rice; staple (product, etc.); necessity
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
young master; young gentleman