wall clock; grandfather clock
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
wife; your wife; his wife; married lady; madam
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to become spring-like; to show signs of spring
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to enliven (e.g. a conversation); to animate; to engage in enthusiastically; to become successful and well known
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
best regards; please remember me; please treat me favorably (favourably); please take care of
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
suffix for familiar person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
of course; certainly; naturally
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold