indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
March; third month of the lunar calendar
third day of the month; three days
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Tokyo Metropolis (prefecture); Tokyo metropolitan area
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
average; medium; mid-grade (item); regular grade; same level as; equal to
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
whereabouts; place where one is; position; location
ruins (of a building, town, etc.); remains
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
intent to kill; intent to murder; urge to kill; murderous impulse
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
restriction; restraint; binding; constraint
assault; outrage; act of violence; rape; sexual assault
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
pistol; handgun; revolver
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
tenth day of the month; ten days
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
similarly; same (idea); same (name)
(divine) punishment; curse; retribution
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
article (in document); provision; stripe; streak; although; though
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned