indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires
rescue worker; emergency rescue team member; ambulance attendant; paramedic
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
appeal; call for something; request; axiom
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Tokyo Metropolis (prefecture); Tokyo metropolitan area
coastal; seaside; oceanfront; maritime
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
neighborhood; vicinity; environs; approaching
private message; PM; post-meridiem; afternoon; project manager; product manager; particulate matter
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hurrying (to somewhere); rushing; hastening; express (train)
please (give me); please (do for me)
thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
provincial capital (under the ritsuryo system); provincial office; public place of imperial rule
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
dwelling; house; residence; living; life
upper reaches of a river; upstream
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
arrival on location (esp. used in transport industries, police, etc.)
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there
report; notification; tip; message (in information and communication theory)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?