indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
middle of a field; middle of a country; field of contest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
emperor (of Japan); mikado
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
life; living; I; me; student
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
police; police officer; police station
doubt; misgivings; distrust; suspicion