indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
how; in what way; how about
tough; hard; determined; strong-minded; strong (e.g. sunlight, alcohol); severe
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; (arch.) money
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
please (give me); please (do for me)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
program (e.g. theatre, theater); programme; (theatrical) piece; number; performance
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!