indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
graduation ceremony; commencement
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to be fascinated (by); to be captivated by; to be enchanted by; to gaze admiringly at; to watch in fascination
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
female clothing; wearing female clothing; cross dressing (for a man)
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...