indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife (esp. one's own wife); court lady; female court attache; (arch.) woman (esp. as a love interest)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
wisteria (esp. Japanese wisteria, Wisteria floribunda); wistaria
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
faith; belief; piety; devotion; godliness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become stiff (of muscles); to get absorbed in; to develop a passion for; to be elaborate; to be intricate
details; particulars; whole story; sequence of events; chronology; circumstances
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
tenement house; row house
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
conviction; belief; confidence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
crow (Corvus spp.); raven
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
seasoning; flavour; condition; state; (state of) health; physical condition
how; in what way; how about
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to turn over (face down); to lay face down; to point downwards (eyes, head, etc.); to cast down (eyes); to lie (one's body) face down; to lie flat (on the ground)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said