indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
considerably; fairly; quite
trouble; burden; nuisance; care; dependence; support
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to like; to love; to be fond of
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
any more; any further; any better; any longer
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
clearness; clarity; skillfulness (skilfulness)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
handsome man; looker; good guy; great guy; influential person (esp. in the yakuza); sumo wrestler
another meeting; meeting again; reunion
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
... is the reason; ... is my excuse
looking pale; looking unwell
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
back off!; leave me alone!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...