indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to see; to witness; to observe; to catch sight of; to get a glimpse of; to encounter
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
station (esp. a police station); office (e.g. tax office)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
police; police officer; police station; self-appointed enforcer (of a rule, standard, etc.); busybody
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
outside (e.g. of a building); exterior; outside (of a group, company, etc.); outside world
to talk; to chat; to chatter
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
investigator (usu. of criminal cases)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
murder victim; body of a murder victim
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
presumption; assumption; estimation
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)