this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
fate; destiny; connection; tie; pretext; justification
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
monopoly; monopolization; exclusivity; hogging; keeping to oneself
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
dictaphone; dictation system
betrayer; traitor; turncoat; informer
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
partner country; other country (in a dispute, arrangement, etc.); opponent (country)
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows