indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
war; battle; match; game; competition
participation; joining; entry; adherence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
team competition; team game
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
beginning; outset; first; onset
fighting (against); taking on (an opponent); facing; confronting; competing (with); battle
advance guard; vanguard; athlete who competes in the first match of a team competition (kendo, judo, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
coaxial mounting; multiple mounting
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
departure; departing (from ...); sending; sent (by ...); engine; counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
alternately; by turns; one after the other
to pull the trigger; to squeeze the trigger
defeat; loss; failing to live up to (one's name, looks, etc.); discount; loss (on a sale)