benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
October; tenth month of the lunar calendar
11th day of the month; 11 days
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
to run away; to flee; to avoid (a question, responsibility, etc.); to evade; to win without being overtaken; to hold off the other contenders (until the finish)
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
young person; youngster; young people; (the) youth
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
(distant) future; future existence; world beyond the grave; future (tense)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
please (give me); please (do for me)
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
all present; all concerned; all of us
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Chōshū; (former) Nagato Province
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
attack; assault; criticism; censure; cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...