benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
October; tenth month of the lunar calendar
eleventh day of the month; eleven days
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
young man; young woman; young people; youth; youngsters
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(medical) doctor; physician
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
please (give me); please (do for me)
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
all present; all concerned; all of us
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial