indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
laying the groundwork; behind-the-scenes maneuvering; consensus-building process; digging around the roots of a tree (before transplanting)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
district; area; zone; quarter; section; region
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(please) try to; (please) look; seeing; looking
what is to be done?; what should (I) do?; what (am I) to do?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
to be unable to do; to find something difficult to do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
to tear up and throw away
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to yearn for; to long for; to follow (someone); to idolize (for virtue, learning, status, etc.)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
lover; sweetheart; mistress
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like