indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
splendid horse; promoted bishop
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
milk; breast; loop; decorative bump (on a hanging bell)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)