time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
Boshin War (Japanese civil war between Imperial and shogunate forces; 1868-1869)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867); Edo shogunate
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
rule; domination; direction; management; control (of one's destiny, public opinion, etc.); governing
to finish; to get through with; to graduate; to come to an end; to end; to finish doing ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
exactly; just; right (when); just (as); just (about to); on the point of
end (of life); death; demise; (peacefully) spending one's final years
to go out to meet; to receive; to call for; to summon; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to take (e.g. a wife)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
(large) gun; cannon; artillery; long-ball hitter; home-run hitter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
coming flying in (of migratory birds, airborne sand, etc.); coming by airplane
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
to take down; to bring down; to drop off (a passenger); to let off; to withdraw (money); to use for the first time; to wear for the first time
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
stubbornness; obstinacy; disposition; nature; appetite; desire
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
government forces; loyalist army
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
tension; strain; tensions (between countries, groups, etc.); tonus; muscle tone
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to rise; to swell; to intensify; to increase; to grow stronger; to get higher
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
battlefield; battleground
to be in danger of; to be liable to; to be at risk of
absolutely; positively; decidedly
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
trouble; quarrel; dispute