indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rescue worker; emergency rescue team member; ambulance attendant; paramedic
altitude; height; elevation; high-degree; high-grade; advanced
transportation; conveyance; delivery; hospitalization; transfer to hospital
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
public finance; financial affairs; financial situation
ministry; department; province (of China); saving; conserving
vice-minister; undersecretary
passing through (a tunnel, station, town, etc.); passing by (e.g. of a typhoon); passage (of a bill, e.g. through parliament); carriage; passing (an examination, inspection, etc.); clearing
Excellent (grade); A; superiority; excellence; gentle; graceful
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
please (give me); please (do for me)
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
tool; means; ingredients (added to soup, rice, etc.); counter for sets of armor, utensils, furniture, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
feeling; sense; impression
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
to call for somebody; to come for someone; to pick someone up
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sleet; daikon shavings; grated daikon; shaved ice topped with honey
older sister; elder sister
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
lateness; tardiness; arriving late