indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
loveable; very likeable; like very much
a little over; a little more than; powerhouse; one of the biggest; upper (seismic intensity)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to scold; to chide; to rebuke; to reprimand
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
number one; first; best; most; game; round
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
time; hour; period; class
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
obedient; meek; docile; honest; frank; upfront (about one's feelings)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh