indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
giant butterbur (Petasites japonicus); Japanese sweet coltsfoot
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
farmer; peasant; farming; the common people
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise