indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
giant butterbur (Petasites japonicus); Japanese sweet coltsfoot
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
shallows; shoal; rapids; current; position; place
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use