father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
foe; enemy; resentment; enmity; harm; injury
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to pull (the puppet) strings; to direct things from behind the scenes; to stretch out (and keep going); to linger on
doctor of Chinese (herbal) medicine
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to retaliate; to return a blow; to strike back at; to retort
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the matter in question
doctor practising Western medicine (during the Edo period)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
vortex; maelstrom; whirlpool; (in the middle of a) scandal; controversy; quarrel
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
Ansei era (1854.11.27-1860.3.18)
October; tenth month of the lunar calendar
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
president (of a nation); big man; boss; buddy
official letter (from the Emperor, Prime Minister, etc.); personal message; handwritten letter; autograph letter
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
watching (esp. during an emergency); being on alert; guard; watchmen
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...