if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to swear; to vow; to take an oath; to pledge
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to carry through; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be a matter of life or death
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
doctor practising Western medicine (during the Edo period)
doctor of Chinese (herbal) medicine
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
please; somehow or other; one way or another
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)