indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
is that so?; I see; right; oh
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
answering machine; answerphone
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
junior (at work, school, etc.); younger people; younger student
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow (handling, dealing with something); anyhow; one way or another
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
last week; the week before
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to return; to come home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.); to get home; to get to home plate