in a sense; in some way; to an extent
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
really; truly; indeed; good grief
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to state; to express; to mention
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
Qing dynasty (China, 1644-1912); Ch'ing dynasty; Manchu dynasty
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
obstacle; impediment; hindrance; handicap; impairment; disability
presence or absence; whether something is there or not; whether something happens or not
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
anyone; anybody; everyone; whoever