indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
pompadour-like hair style, popular for unmarried women in the Edo period; shimada coiffure
all varieties of flowers; many flowers
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good-looking guy; handsome man; hunk; Adonis; cool guy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to dodge; to evade; to avoid; to sidestep
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
repechage; revival series
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
bomaye (wrestling move); Kinshasa knee strike
how; in what way; how about
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one's) ken