introduction; presentation; referral; listing
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
the West; the Occident; Western countries
account; history; chronicle; Kojiki; Records of Ancient Matters
(practical) experience; personal experience; hands-on experience; first-hand experience
side; edge; beside; while (doing); in addition to; at the same time
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
lodging; boarding; boarding house; school dormitory
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
lowly people (Edo period); eta
Dutch studies; studies of Western knowledge
to take (seat, position, course, office, etc.); to assume; to ascend (the throne); to accede; to start (on a journey); to commence
obligation; duty; charge; responsibility
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
investigation (e.g. by police or prosecutors); examination; inquiry; enquiry
land near a castle; castle town
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
Nagasaki (city, prefecture)
producing (people) in great numbers; appearing one after the other
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
to play a leading role; to play a central part
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
brittle; fragile; weak; tender-hearted; sentimental; easily moved
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)