if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
suddenly; all of a sudden
to wrestle with; to contest an issue; to take part in sumo
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
another place; somewhere else; outside (one's family or group); someone else; not caring for; being indifferent to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
older brother; elder brother
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
seppuku; harakiri; ritual suicide by disembowelment; seppuku as a death penalty (where the convict is decapitated by a second as they make the motions to disembowel themself; Edo period)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
exemplar; model; example; pattern
koto (13-stringed Japanese zither); (arch.) stringed instrument
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
losing initiative; being forestalled; second move (in go or shogi); moving second; rear guard
prison; jail; gaol; firm; solid; strong
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
rough; wild; violent; immoderate; extravagant; reckless
what kind of business; what sort of matter
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to instruct; to tell to do; to ask to do; to order
halfway; midway; partway; mid-course
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")