Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
prosperity; flourishing; thriving
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be stormy; to be rough; to be rough (of skin); to be chapped; to be ruined; to fall into ruin
family or person with samurai ancestors
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to knock at the gate; to request an apprenticeship; to ask to be made a pupil
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
never ceasing; never ending
pupil; student; schoolchild
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to continue to increase; to continue to mount
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
than; other than; except; but
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
all present; all concerned; all of us
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
lower reaches (of a river); bottom; lower part; lower half (of the body, esp. the privates); feces (faeces); end
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)