dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
prosperity; flourishing; thriving
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Kagoshima (city, prefecture)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
working in the fields; working on a farm
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
lowering; sinking; depreciation; price fall; punch line (of a rakugo story); (arch.) sword strap
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
practice writing with a brush; study; learning
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
noon; midday; daytime; lunch