I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the whole nation; all the people in the land
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
all present; all concerned; all of us
in that way; thus; so; so?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this occasion; at this time; now
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
to decapitate; to take (someone's) head off; to depose; to topple
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to play a leading role; to play a central part
new government; new administration
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
protection; defense; providence; amulet; charm
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
imperial palace (esp. Kyoto Imperial Palace); imperial residence; residence of a shogun, minister, etc.; emperor; ex-emperor; empress
to turn towards; to point
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
second day of the month; two days
both armies; both teams; both sides
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)