indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
certainly; surely; definitely
conquest; subjugation; overcoming; chastisement; punishment; punitive expedition
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
what is called; what they call; so-called
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
100,000; hundred thousand
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to rush on; to attack; to swoop down on
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
acquisition; obtaining; coming to hand
state-of-the-art; cutting-edge
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
to excel; to surpass; to exceed; to outweigh; to preponderate
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
in succession; one by one
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
(in) the middle of; (in) the midst of; (in) the course of; (at) the height of
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
like this; this sort; this way
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on