jpdb beta

then; well; so; be; is

84

bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely

16

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

31

as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state

4

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

101

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

151

farmer; peasant; farming; the common people

10

(living) from hand to mouth; living on the fringe of subsistence

1

to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop

8

end; close; finish; noh dance in plain clothes

3

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

93

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

108

Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

16

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

11

thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality

20

nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible

2

feudal lord; daimyo

3

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

134

misgovernment; misrule; bad government

1

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

122

to correct; to rectify; to reform; to straighten (one's posture, collar, etc.); to adjust

1

Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo

3

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

82

to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

3

to turn towards; to point

1

what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few

7

authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers

1

opinion in writing; written opinion; argument

1

to put into written form; to communicate or express by writing; to chronicle

1

as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate

2

sooner or later; in time; eventually

1

first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)

1

altogether; entirely

1

eradication; extermination; rooting out; stamping out; getting rid of

1

inevitably; certainly

1

season; weather

8

one's daily bread

1

also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise

6

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

21

to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle

1

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

11

how; in what way; how (much); to what extent; however (much); no matter how

1

diligence; industry

1

to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate

2

importance; emphasis; stress

1

annual tribute; land tax

1

to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)

1

to be able (to do); to be capable (of doing)

1

reason; cause; circumstances

1

daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)

1