indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
imperial palace (esp. Kyoto Imperial Palace); imperial residence; residence of a shogun, minister, etc.; emperor; ex-emperor; empress
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
all present; all concerned; all of us
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
than; other than; except; but
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)